Terme di Diocleziano

Le Terme di Diocleziano, iniziate nel 298 e terminate tra il 305 e il 306 d.C., rappresentavano il più grandioso complesso termale della città antica. Il grande edificio occupava un’area di forma approssimativamente quadrata (m 380 x 370), posta all’estremità orientale della VI regione augustea dell’Alta Semita, corrispondente a un tratto pianeggiante da cui si staccavano le colline del Quirinale e del Viminale. Per la costruzione dell’immensa mole delle terme fu necessario demolire numerosi edifici di un popoloso quartiere, i cui resti sono stati visti in piazza della Repubblica e nell’area dell’ex cinema Planetario. Sulla base della notevole quantità di strutture ancora esistenti e riutilizzate in edifici di vario tipo, e soprattutto in considerazione dei noti principi di simmetria che regolavano la costruzione di questo tipo di stabilimenti, è possibile ricostruire la pianta generale del grande complesso termale. L’ingresso principale delle terme era sul lato nord-orientale del recinto esterno, corrispondente attualmente al chiostro grande del Museo Nazionale Romano. Ai due lati dell’ingresso stesso erano disposti quattro ambienti semicircolari adibiti in parte a latrine per i frequentatori dei bagni. Alle estremità dei due lati lunghi meridionale e settentrionale, erano situati due vasti ambienti semicircolari, mentre tre altri grandi vani di forma rettangolare si aprivano nella parte centrale delle due pareti. Al centro del lato ovest, opposto a quello d’ingresso, si apriva la grande esedra la cui forma è ricalcata attualmente dai portici dell’attuale piazza della Repubblica. Alle due estremità di quest’ultima parete, erano le due grandi sale rotonde in una delle quali sarà in seguito costruita la chiesa di S. Bernardo alle Terme. Il complesso termale propriamente detto era costituito dal corpo di fabbrica centrale, corrispondente alle sale del Museo Nazionale Romano, alla chiesa di S. Maria degli Angeli e all’ex Planetario. Gli ambienti che formavano questa parte dell’edificio (natatio, frigidarium, calidarium, tepidarium) erano disposti lungo l’asse centrale del complesso, mentre sui due lati si sviluppavano altri locali adibiti a vari usi come saune e bagni particolari (sudatoria, oleatoria). Due grandi palestre di forma rettangolare erano situate presso gli ingressi secondari che si aprivano sui lati lunghi; altri edifici di vario tipo (biblioteche, ninfei, ginnasi) completavano infine il quadro generale del grande complesso termale. L’acqua necessaria per il normale funzionamento delle terme proveniva da una grande cisterna («Botte di Termini») situata sul lato orientale dell’edificio, che veniva alimentata da un condotto dell’acqua Marcia che si staccava dall’acquedotto principale all’altezza di Porta Tiburtina.

Per tutto il periodo medievale, le Terme di Diocleziano furono sistematicamente spogliate di gran parte degli elementi marmorei nonché di tutti i materiali da costruzione. Verso la metà del XVI secolo, nella parte centrale del complesso furono costruite la Certosa e la chiesa di S. Maria degli Angeli. Nei secoli seguenti, le ali occidentale e meridionale furono destinate a magazzini dell’Annona Frumentaria.

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