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Login / Registrati! E' gratis!Orologio solare di Augusto
Nel 1748, in prossimità di una casa in piazza del Parlamento 3, fu riportato alla luce l’obelisco di Psammetico II che nel 10 a.C., su indicazione di Augusto, era stato trasportato a Roma da Heliopolis e innalzato in Campo Marzio, come gnomone (braccio indicatore) di un imponente orologio solare. Ad alcuni decenni dalla sua scoperta, nel 1792, papa Pio VI, dopo averlo fatto restaurare utilizzando frammenti di granito rosso provenienti dalla colonna di Antonino Pio, fece erigere l’obelisco nella piazza Montecitorio, dove ancora oggi si trova, a circa 200 m dal luogo del suo ritrovamento.Lo gnomone, nel suo aspetto originario doveva essere costituito da una base con zoccolo, dall’obelisco e da una sfera (Plinio, N.H. 36, 72) con puntale sulla sommità; la sua altezza complessiva, secondo recenti calcoli, era pari a 100 piedi romani (m 29,42).L’obelisco del Campo Marzio, dunque, come riferisce Plinio, aveva l’importante funzione di determinare le ore del giorno e la data, proiettando la sua ombra su un quadrante, realizzato con linee incise sulla pavimentazione stradale e riempite di bronzo, posto nella zona tra la piazza del Parlamento e quella di S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Recenti scavi hanno riportato alla luce alcuni tratti di tale quadrante, di età posteriore a quella augustea, visibili al di sotto della casa al n. 48 di via di Campo Marzio. L’iscrizione, riportata in duplice copia sulla base dell’obelisco, fissa la data della sua inaugurazione nel periodo tra il giugno del 10 a.C. e lo stesso mese dell’anno successivo (imp. XII, cos. XI, trib. pot. XIV).L’Horologium Augusti, ideato dal matematico Facundus Novius, perse la sua buona funzionalità già alla metà del I sec. d.C. (Plinio), probabilmente a causa di un terremoto o delle frequenti inondazioni del Tevere. Sulla base di una recente teoria (Buchner), non accettata da tutti gli studiosi, l’orologio, insieme al Mausoleo di Augusto e all’Ara Pacis, monumenti di spicco dell’urbanizzazione augustea del Campo Marzio Settentrionale, era parte integrante di un complesso sistema di simbologia astrologica, con forte carattere ideologico, il cui cardine era costituito dall’obelisco in asse con gli altri due monumenti e dove l’Ara Pacis si sarebbe trovata sulla linea equinoziale, corrispondente al giorno natale di Augusto, il 23 settembre. F. T.
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