Mausoleo di Adriano

L’imperatore Adriano (117-138 d.C.), proseguendo il filone inaugurato da Augusto di erigere un mausoleo dinastico su modello delle monumentali tombe ellenistiche greche e orientali, fece costruire per sé e per i successori un sepolcro grandioso nel Vaticanum e più precisamente nell’area degli horti di Domizia. Prospicente la riva destra del Tevere, l’edificio fu probabilmente disegnato da lui stesso, che del resto non era nuovo a questo genere di imprese architettoniche, basti pensare a Villa Adriana. Alcuni bolli laterizi rinvenuti nelle sostruzioni sembrerebbero riportare al 123 d.C. l’epoca, anteriormente alla quale, furono realizzati i lavori di sottofondazione, resi impegnativi dalla vicinanza del fiume, ma bisognerà aspettare il 139 d.C. (Adriano, morto a Baia, era stato sepolto inizialmente a Pozzuoli) per l’inaugurazione della tomba a opera di Antonino Pio. Oltre alle spoglie cremate del suo ideatore e della moglie Faustina, il sepolcro ospitò anche quelle di alcuni successori fino a Settimio Severo, Giulia Domna e i figli Geta e Caracalla. Nel 403 d.C. il mausoleo venne a far parte della cinta aureliana e nel VI secolo, secondo le fonti, sostenne l’assedio dei Goti che ne usarono le statue come proiettili. In epoca medievale fu incluso nell’attuale Castel Sant’Angelo.Era collegato al Campo Marzio mediante il pons Aelius (attuale Ponte Sant’Angelo) fatto costruire appositamente e inaugurato da Adriano nel 134 d.C., nonostante vi fosse più a valle il pons Neronianus: ciò corrispose a un disegno architettonico unitario, che collegava in un unico blocco monumentale il mausoleo e la sua via d’accesso. Il ponte, al quale si accedeva mediante una testata in ascesa con colonne o pilastri sovrastati da statue, era originariamente a otto arcate: attualmente sono conservate solo le tre grandi centrali, essendo scomparse le tre minori verso la città e le due che immettevano senza soluzioni di continuità nell’area del sepolcro. Il ponte collegava il mausoleo anche all’ustrinum o recinto funerario dove la coppia imperiale era stata cremata. L’edificio funerario era preceduto da una cancellata bronzea con pavoni simbolo di immortalità. Era costituito da un basamento quadrato (lato di m 89, altezza di m 15), rivestito in opera laterizia e scandito al suo interno da camere disposte a raggiera intorno a un tamburo circolare (diametro di m 64, altezza di m 21): questo tamburo costituisce ora la porzione inferiore di Castel Sant’Angelo, che lo ha incorporato, determinandone la conservazione. Tramite un corridoio centrale si accede a un vestibolo quadrato con una nicchia semicircolare, ospitante probabilmente una grande statua di Adriano, della quale ai Musei Vaticani è conservata la sola testa. Sul lato destro del vestibolo ha inizio il corridoio elicoidale e illuminato da quattro pozzi verticali che portava alla cella funeraria, posta al centro del mausoleo. Essa, di pianta quadrata (m 8 x 8), ospitò le tre urne cinerarie di Adriano, Faustina ed Elio Cesare in altrettante nicchie rettangolari lungo le pareti. Al di sopra di questa camera ve n’erano almeno altre due, incluse entro una struttura quadrangolare esterna, che fuoriuscendo dal tamburo, al quale era raccordata mediante una struttura a tumulo coperta di vegetazione, sosteneva un podio con quadriga bronzea e statua di Adriano. Tutte le strutture erano rivestite di marmi pregiati sia internamente che esternamente: in particolare il basamento quadrangolare, ospitante le lapidi funerarie dei sepolti, era decorato da lesene, da un fregio soprastante a bucrani e festoni e da quattro gruppi bronzei equestri agli angoli. T.N.

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