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Gli Horti di Agrippina, la grande villa costruita dalla madre dell’imperatore Caligola, si sviluppavano sul lato meridionale della via Cornelia, strada che univa il ponte Neroniano con i monti Vaticani. Non si conoscono i confini esatti del vasto possedimento imperiale, ma dai resti degli edifici rinvenuti nella zona e dalle notizie fornite dalle fonti antiche, sappiamo che i giardini confinavano a nord con gli Horti Domitiae, che dalla zona dei Borghi si estendevano verso il fiume; verso est giungevano fino alla riva del Tevere; a ovest terminavano in corrispondenza della necropoli Vaticana, mentre, verso sud, dovevano comprendere parte delle pendici settentrionali del Gianicolo. Tra gli edifici che componevano il vasto complesso le fonti ricordano una terrazza e una porticus verso la riva del fiume; un edificio residenziale situato tra il Gianicolo e il Vaticano, indicato dai testi medievali come palatium Neronis; e il grande circo Vaticano (circus Cai et Neronis) che si estendeva nella zona dove sorge ora la basilica di S. Pietro. A quest’ultimo complesso, che vide il sacrificio dei primi martiri cristiani dopo l’incendio del 64 d.C., apparteneva l’obelisco che sorge attualmente al centro della piazza. Numerosi sono i resti di edifici visti in ogni tempo in tutta l’area occupata in antico dalla villa. Tra i più importanti possiamo ricordare le strutture presenti sotto l’ospedale di S. Spirito, e la grande domus rinvenuta recentemente presso il traforo Gianicolense, all’estremità meridionale degli Horti. Il complesso visibile sotto l’ospedale è costituito da strutture in opera laterizia e reticolata databili tra il I e il II secolo d.C., tra le quali si trova una grande esedra aperta verso il fiume. In passato in questa zona è stata rinvenuta una vasca di marmo con scene marine scolpite, attribuibile al I secolo d.C.I recenti scavi presso l’imbocco orientale del traforo, hanno riportato alla luce una domus di età imperiale (forse una di pertinenza degli Horti), i cui ambienti sono decorati con affreschi contenenti motivi architettonici, floreali e animali (uccelli). Alcune stanze della casa erano state utilizzate come deposito di numerosi elementi marmorei, in occasione di un restauro o di un cambiamento d’uso dell’edificio. Si tratta di lesene, capitelli e basi, in marmi di vario tipo, che facevano probabilmente parte della decorazione di un ninfeo.Dal tipo delle decorazioni ad affresco, dalla tecnica edilizia impiegata, nonché da alcuni «bolli» di mattone rinvenuti durante lo scavo, è possibile attribuire il complesso al II secolo d.C., cioè a un periodo nel quale la grande villa doveva aver raggiunto la sua massima estensione. F. A.
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