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Il circo fu costruito da Caligola (37-41 d. C.) in una parte dei giardini della villa materna, gli horti Agrippinae, localizzati per larga parte nell’odierna Città del Vaticano. Il circo presentava un andamento est-ovest e occupava il lato sinistro della basilica Vaticana. Era lungo m 590 e largo m 95; al centro correva la spina forse riconducibile alla platea in travertino rinvenuta a una profondità di ca. m 10 dal piano della basilica. Alla stessa profondità, sono venuti alla luce i resti della fondazione del basamento dell’obelisco, alto m 25, trasportato da Eliopoli per volere di Caligola e collocato nella posizione attuale nel 1586. Su di esso è leggibile la dedica fatta da Caligola ad Augusto e Tiberio. Sotto al palazzo della Congregazione, sono stati rinvenuti porzioni di muri, in opera laterizia convessi verso via della Conciliazione, attribuibili alle carceres, poste forse nel limite est del circo. La pista presentava più livelli di battuto: una massicciata, uno strato assorbente di cenere e carbone, un drenaggio con ghiaia e argilla e un manto di sabbia gialla. Il perimetro della pista era occupato da una gradinata su di un solo livello con un corridoio sottostante. Sotto l’imperatore Claudio, il circo funzionò anche per le venationes, mentre Nerone, che amava cimentarsi come auriga, lo usava privatamente. A seguito dell’incendio del 64 d.C., l’imperatore accolse nel circo i cittadini senzatetto e successivamente usò quel luogo per la persecuzione contro i cristiani nel corso della quale morì San Pietro. Dalla seconda metà del II secolo d.C., il circo cadde in disuso; ne sono testimonianza la presenza di edifici sepolcrali a ridosso delle fondazioni dell’obelisco. In particolare si ricorda una struttura di forma circolare di m 30 di diametro successivamente usata come basamento per la costruzione della rotonda di Sant’Andrea, distrutta nel 1777. Ancora, il monumento fu usato per la corsa di quadrighe di elefanti dall’imperatore Eliogabalo che per l’occasione fece demolire le sepolture che avevano invaso la pista. T. N.
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